Free Essays - The Hounds of Tindalos :: Hounds

Textual AnalysisThe Hounds of Tindalos The Hounds of Tindalos is a short science fiction story containing many and varied elements that have been long associated with the musical style of science fiction. This test will identify these elements, examining their placement deep down this short text edition and also the interchange of these elements with the characteristics of other genres, more specific wholey, horror. Belknap Long, the author, was clearly intent of incorporating the elements of horror within the genre of science fiction and this amalgamation of these two genres was a popular combination employed by future horror and SF writers. Perhaps the inclusion of horror within the SF genre is a comment in itself about perceptions of SF held by writers, the elements of horror being a cautionary warning to those in the science world. Longs main character is Halpin Chalmers, a self proclaimed rebel and champion of originality and lost causes. From the start it is clear there are present within this text some elements of the SF genre that seem to be in just about every SF story, beginning with the main character. Many writers have as their main characters people who are non-conformists, who wish to boldly go where no one has gone before and who are willing to take seemingly illogical and irrational risks in the hope of furthering makinds scientific discoveries. Chalmers is no exception in this as he willingly partakes in an ancient Chinese drug that is a cognize strong hallucinogen in a bid to go back in time. There is of course the proverbial wet blanket in the shape of the narrator, known only as Frank, who believes his friend Chalmers to be quite mad, but who never-the-less agrees to aid his friend in his bizarre experiment despite the risks he is taking. Frank represents all those characters in SF stories who are the skeptics, the non believers, who have a solid faith in the science of the present, and who consider characters like Chalmers to be eccentric and bizarre. The setting of The Hounds of Tindalos is in the slow 1920s and the location is Central Square. Chalmers apartment room is where most of the story takes place. The room is in keeping with Chalmers character as a rejector of modern science and one who is still entranced with the historical side of science and history preferring illuminated manuscripts to automobiles and leering stone gargoyles to radios and adding machines.

My Educational Philosophy :: My Philosophy of Education

My Educational Philosophy Most people would say that what prompted them to become a teacher was a teacher that they had connected with and enliven them. I never really had this opportunity of aspiring to be like someone who has impacted my life. I never had a teacher that stood out to me or really tried to connect with me. Therefore, I suppose my explanation to neediness become a teacher is quite the opposite of the typical explanation. I adoptt want to become like any of the teachers I had throughout my elementary and high school career I want to be the opposite. I want to make sure children in future generations have someone to write about when they are writing a paper such as this one. When someone asks them, What drove you to keep trying? or, What helped you succeed in school? I want them to be able to say, My teacher opined in me, thats what. I want my students to know that they can do anything. From assuring them that they can do better on the test, to helping them discover themselves and grow into confident, thriving members of society.I believe that students must first gain knowledge and then apply it. I will help them use their knowledge by giving them activities that coincide with the class I am teaching them. I believe that students claim best by being engaged in real-world activities and should be active in the larn process. I hope that my classroom will be a place where my students and I can learn from each other and teach each other. I hope to learn from my students as they learn from me. My curriculum will be based on the necessity of the student. If a student needs or wants to learn something, I will teach it to him or her. My curriculum will consist of individual evaluation. I will adjust the focusing I teach to the way the students in my classroom learn. I believe that most students naturally want to learn and experience new things. Curiosity is a natural human characteristic. Students who want to learn want to be involved in their lear ning. This is why teachers must construct ways to engage students in the subject matter. This type of teaching would overwhelm opportunities for hands-on learning and activities requiring group work. I feel real-life examples help the students see the relevance of the material and group work will give my students valuable genial and communication skills.

The Three Branches of the U.S. Federal Government Essay -- United Stat

The Three Branches of the Federal GovernmentThere are three partes of the federal government, the decision maker, the judicial, and the legislative. The executive director branch consists of such people as the president, the cabinet, and the executive offices of the president. The executive branch is known for enforcing laws created by the legislative branch. The judicial branch entails the United States Supreme Court and the Federal Judiciary. The judicial branch must review the laws the executive branch is to enforce. There is also the legislative branch. This branch contains the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate, and the Library of Congress. Laws are created through the legislative branch. The basic idea betwixt the creation of the three branches is based upon checks and balances. No branch should become so powerful that it over-takes either of the other branches. This also brings out the point that neither mavin of these branches, nor any perso n holding office in one of them, can exercise power belonging to either of the others. The legislative branch creates the laws, the judicial branch reviews the law, and then the executive branch enforces the laws. wholly three branches are interrelated, each branch overlaps but serves separate purposes.The main powers of the executive branch rest with the president of the United States of America. Powers granted to him by the constitution include serving as commander in chief of the armed forces negotiating treaties appointing federal judges, ambassadors, and cabinet officials and acting as head of state. The president also has a cabinet which includes officials such as the attorney general and the secretaries of State, Treasury, Defense, Interior, Agricu... ...ve. The legislative branch deals with the people, not directly, but in interchangeable terms. The judicial branch could be considered the most democratic because the judicial branch is set-up to protect the people and the ir rights. While the legislative branch speaks for the people, the judicial branch protects the people. The executive branch does a combination of both the judicial branch and the legislative branch however, it doesnt focus solely on one power or the other. The executive branch works for the people, at the same time protecting the people. The executive branch has the power to veto bills and laws passed by the Congress, and the executive branch sees the laws through. All the branches, however democratic, are set-up for the people and to carry out the publics will. If any of the branches were unable to do so, the system would not have survived 200 years.

Disillusionment in Europe During the years 1914-1918 :: essays research papers

Analyze the spirit of promise that gave way to disillusionment in Europe during the years 1914-1918.Prior to the nakedness of the first World War, a spirit of optimism and enthusiasm engulfed the minds of citizens across Europe. Relating the potential outcome of another war to the short, decisive, modernized wars in the nineteenth century, Europeans greeted the opportunity for war as a tool to cleanse the current ailments of Europe. The people, blinded by an overwhelming belief in come about and a developing sense of nationalism, failed to foresee that they were heading for disaster. World War I emanated from European leaders aggression toward other countries, which was supported by the rising nationalism. scotch and imperial competition and fear of war prompted military alliances and an arms race, which further escalated the tension contributing to the outbreak of a war greatly exceeding the lethality of European expectation.A spirit of nationalism rang high in the atmosphere p re-world war Europe. Many were engrossed by potential benefits war could bring to their lives. Nationalism, however, was not a new idea at the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of preserving the peace. Despite the settlement, the principle was rejuvenated by the onset of the World War. The ardent nationalists fussed in masses to champion the need for war. Patriotic demonstrations had an intoxicating effect and excited the war-mongers to excess... (Phillip Schneidemanan). Under false aspirations and expectations the naive soldiers marched rack up to war, unexpectant of the tragedies they would encounter. In only a few short months, the soldiers realized how false their assumptions were. Nationalism presented itself as a misleading concept rendering the soldiers to a inhuman awakening. Oh, God how those men looked, as they came nearer-- those utterly immobile faces under their steel helmets... The illusion brought about b y nationalist ideals encouraged war, and under false pretenses delivered the bleakness of the war as a shock exceeding all expectations.The power of alliances also played a key role in the creation and devastation of World War I. Dating back to the beat of Bismarck, most alliances formed for the sake of reassurance or to postpone the outbreak of a war. But as time passed, alliances greatly increased international tension by dividing Europe into two armed camps. I felt strongly that England ought to remain neutral, and I collected the signatures of a large number of professors and fellows to a statement.

Willy Loman, An Idiot with A Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

Willy Loman, An Idiot with A Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman A common idea presented in literature is the issue of the freedom of the individual in opposition to the controlling pressures of society. Willy Loman, the main character in Death of A Salesman by Arthur Miller, epitomizes this type of somebody one who looks to his peers and co-salesman as lesser individuals. Not only was he competitive and overbearing, but Willy Loman sought after an ideal that he could never become the greatest salesman ever. Determined to make money, Willy became uncontrollable and somewhat insane. Through his dialogue and actions, Willy Loman portrays a character of insecurity, persistence, and unknown identity. From the very beginning of his life, Willy Loman experienced problems with his popularity and own(prenominal)ity. His last name is a pun on a low man. He is at the bottom of the business world as an unsuccessful salesman. In addition, his theories on life and society prove to be very degrading, not to mention influential to his mind set every day. Willy believes that being well-liked and having a personal attractiveness, together, can bring success, money, and many friends. Ironically, Willy does not have many friends and many stack do not like him. With a beauty unlike others, Willy thinks that doors go out open and problems will all disappear. As a salesman, Willy developed many hindrances that caused his mind to deteriorate. His life as a salesman was built on a stargaze that he witnessed as a child. At an early age, Willy heard of a salesman, Dave Singleman, who could make his living out of a hotel room. Singleman was very successful and when he died, people from all over the country came to his funeral. It was this ideal that Willy Loman sought after. All he ever wanted was fame, popularity, and a few friends. Unfortunately, when Willy died, not a single person went to his funeral. His life, one that was spent trying to become another person, namel y Dave Singleman, was a waste as no-one even wanted to see him buried. In reflection of his move with the Wagner Company, many other problems arose that forced economic difficulties on him and his family. He was determined to live by ideals that placed him above everyone else. It was with these lies and illusions that Willys life began to lose its air of

I Am a Ponarvian :: Personal Narrative Essays

I Am a Ponarvian   Some of you have already scoured the dictionary in vain for a definition of the word Ponarvian. i of my superior ambitions is to get this word safely into Websters where it belongs. Until that happy time, the following definition will have to do   PONARV (PO narv) n. acronym A project of no app atomic number 18nt deliver value. Hence, Ponarvian sensation who pursues such projects.   It is my contention that not some, but MOST of the greatest human triumphs in art, science, and technology have their root in the humble ponarv. all(prenominal) ponarvians, whatsoever their age, are children who simply like to play. If you ask them to justify their behavior, they will be unable to do so, or will provide what toilette all be described as a playful response. Basically, they just cant help it. They like to play.   Throughout history, all great ponarvians have been surrounded by kill peck of anti-ponarvians. The anti-ponarvian is a gloomy pers on who divides the world into work and play, and who sees play as a regrettable lapse in the vital and unceasing credit line of work. They desexualise work as an activity which leads DIRECTLY to something valuable, and the only things they value are those things like food and shelter which enable them to survive long comely to create and produce more workers. To an anti-ponarvian, play is like sleep, a biological necessity which interferes with work and should therefore be minimized. They love to recite the fable of the grounder and the ant but never stop to consider that this story was written by an ant. They are the early birds up at the crack of dawn, catching worms.   Poets and complete(a) mathematicians are ponarvians by definition. Mathematicians are sometimes forgiven by the anti-ponarvian masses because the equations they drop to one side in their foolish pursuit of elegant theorems and pleasing symmetries can be used to build factories which produce canons which c an then be used to level factories (canons and factories are useful). But poets are eternally unredeemed in the eyes of the anti-ponarvians because, after all, there is no money to made in poetry.   It is one of natures greatest ironies that these very poets and mathematicians so despised by the anti-ponarvians, these on the loose(p) dreamers and methamphetamine hydrochloride inventors, are the very source of all the gadgetry and innovation which anti-ponarvians hold in such high esteem.I Am a Ponarvian Personal archives Essays I Am a Ponarvian   Some of you have already scoured the dictionary in vain for a definition of the word Ponarvian. One of my greatest ambitions is to get this word safely into Websters where it belongs. Until that happy time, the following definition will have to do   PONARV (PO narv) n. acronym A project of no apparent redeeming value. Hence, Ponarvian one who pursues such projects.   It is my contention that not some, but MOST of the greatest human triumphs in art, science, and technology have their root in the humble ponarv. All ponarvians, whatever their age, are children who simply like to play. If you ask them to justify their behavior, they will be unable to do so, or will provide what can only be described as a playful response. Basically, they just cant help it. They like to play.   Throughout history, all great ponarvians have been surrounded by suffocating masses of anti-ponarvians. The anti-ponarvian is a gloomy person who divides the world into work and play, and who sees play as a regrettable lapse in the vital and unceasing pursuit of work. They define work as an activity which leads DIRECTLY to something valuable, and the only things they value are those things like food and shelter which enable them to survive long enough to procreate and produce more workers. To an anti-ponarvian, play is like sleep, a biological necessity which interferes with work and should therefore be minimized. The y love to recite the fable of the grasshopper and the ant but never stop to consider that this story was written by an ant. They are the early birds up at the crack of dawn, catching worms.   Poets and pure mathematicians are ponarvians by definition. Mathematicians are sometimes forgiven by the anti-ponarvian masses because the equations they drop to one side in their foolish pursuit of elegant theorems and pleasing symmetries can be used to build factories which produce canons which can then be used to level factories (canons and factories are useful). But poets are eternally damned in the eyes of the anti-ponarvians because, after all, there is no money to made in poetry.   It is one of natures greatest ironies that these very poets and mathematicians so despised by the anti-ponarvians, these idle dreamers and crackpot inventors, are the very source of all the gadgetry and innovation which anti-ponarvians hold in such high esteem.

Cause and Effect of Games Addiction

Topic Cause and Effect of online game addiction There are many reasons state behave games for their entertainment, relaxation, studying and burning allay m. Game is a part of human creativity, it keeps people entertained, creative, figure out what to do or better at problem solving. The game basin overwhelm friends so people will play together or against each other and become competitive. Other than the benefits from playing online games, there are also problems from online games. cardinal main causes of this addiction is the design and service of the games and the effect is that people have less time.Online game addiction is a problem. The first cause of game online addiction is the design of game. Game designers make characters look and act handle humans. Thus player is easily manipulated and they can play it by themself without anyone else. Characters have clothes, hairs, body like humans for example. When player click left-mouse they stand and another mouse they go at mo ment. Something people feel this action like they are going and doing. It is rightfully real to see and they are interested with drag their mouse . The pictures are beautiful, natural, and it looks real making the game more fun.The background pictures are many colors, flowers, water, gardens, trees, 3D of style for example. There are many tools and support players which makes the game exciting. This is like that there is a map load when people want to finish their task. Pop-up windows point up when people use their character to trade items with others and act everything with one option. Another cause is the service of the game. sham can exchange items easily and candidate all traditional items in the screen. Therefore they can save it in the store or take it out of the game.Players keep characters in their account for the succeeding(a) time they will play. Thus game services attract people to upgrade level of character. There more exercise, the better the character will be comp ared to others. For example if people saw their character less level than their friends they feel shy and make pass more time to play online games for winning in the future. Players can get virtual money in the virtual world. They can buy something in game by this money or put real money into game system. So game provider sells account cards for player check and save money or use it in the virtual world.Many players spend a lot of time to playing online game and have too little time to exercise and study. As a result Children get sturdy grades, fail their exam and dont help anything about housework for their mother. In addition, players are bad at communicating in real intent because it is they can easily talk in the game and they not only act in the play but also send message for others. Player can get sick because they play too much, which means they do not get enough rest and see the computer screen a lot. Some people play action games or violent game that have a lot of strate gy to kill so they act the similar way in real life.Online game addiction is a serious problem for everyone. There are benefits, but there are also problems. When players play every day, they will get addicted to online games. The design and services of the games are the reasons people get addicted, and there are negative impacts to people. I think people need to talk about children playing too many games. It is acceptable to play games, however people have to limit the time. Players should spend enough time for both games and their real lives. Thus the life is balanced, healthy and useful.

Business continuity Essay

Just in meter concept is a lean operation concept applied in supply compass management where an enterprise strives to produce only what is needed, whenever it is needed and in the amount that is needed. It allows for efficient resultion of quality products through complete mis relegatele extermination, avoidance of inconsistencies and in either case elimination of non-value addition activities within the production line. (Lieb & Miller 1988) jibe to (Stank & Crum 1997) the wastes that atomic number 18 eliminated are related to labour, where over staffing is a waste, measure, in this expression idle time or use of extra time to accomplish a goal is considered waste.Just in time concept emphasizes on client requests and avoids making decisions based on forecast. In this concept, inventory is considered as an additional cost to the process. Traditionally, it would be considered to be value adding in the system. In this case, businesses and organisations are sure to eliminat e any form of inventory that does not impact any additional value to the product. The just in time concept has various benefits to a business firm or enterprise. The benefits include an improvement in the flow of goods into, within and from the warehouse.There is in addition better be after and consistency in the organisation. work force can be reduced when production process has s moderateped mainly due to planned shut downs for maintenance, stocktaking activities, or any other dry land (Stank & Crum 1997). This helps the enterprise to save on cost related to labour and other production overheads. When an organisation adopts the JIT concept and implements it, it helps in the production of better quality products and also increases the efficiency of production. All the aforementioned benefits are customer oriented. We thence realise from the benefits customer satisfaction is enhanced.This in turn has an impact on customer devotion and improved sales by the organisation. The net effect of this is improved profits by the organisation (Swamidass 2000). Despite having all the above benefits, the out recognise of the terror attacks on September 11 has cast a lot of doubt on the just in time (JIT) concept deliveries in the supply chain. In a supply chain, each organisation along the chain depends upon a supplier and therefore in case of a hitch along the chain, the repercussions are matt-up along the whole chain. Before the September 11 attack the JIT was comfortably applicable and implemented to various businesses.Until this time, overstocking was avoided and components were delivered to the right place at the right time and in the right form with no hitch. Piling of inventory was avoided and production processes proceeded smoothly. However, the events of September 11 reversed all these, there were delays caused by grounding of aircrafts and also a longer time was required for border inspections. Transport on land was also highly affected. As an example, due t o these interruptions, commodities destined for the Gap, Banana nation and the old navy stores ended up to a warehouse next to an airport.The business environment, both external and internal impart always be fluctuating. international environment like the impact from natural calamities e. g. hurricanes, snow, storms, floods, earthquakes and internal environments like strikes, affect business operations. Therefore, for an organisation with a JIT system, in case of any fluctuation in the business environment, the supply chain forget be disrupted and therefore flow of products downstream will not be realized (McClenahen & Jusko 2001). For a sudden change in the business environment, the shocks will be felt throughout the supply chain.There will be a gap that will be created along the chain at the point where the fluctuation is highly felt. It is a noble idea for businesses to consider having some safety stock on hand at each link of supply chain, which will take care of the emergenc ies in case of any eventuality. Since a supply chain consists of a intercommunicate/series of suppliers and consumers, a hitch on one supplier side will affect the consumer who is also a supplier to the next consumer. Therefore in a business that has adopted the JIT system, it might end up being grounded because of lack of inventory to process or sell to the next stage of the chains.It is therefore highly recommended for such businesses to develop a Just in case system, a system that allows for a safety supplies that will take care of any eventualities. Even though the JIT system has a number of shortcomings in case of shocks within the supply chain, it is important to note that organisations can still implement JIT and discover an attractive supply chain with lean inventories even during emergencies. To achieve this, one of the moves that a firm can make is locate where there is stock mountain of inventories (Lu & Kyokai 1989).Firms can have most of its inventories stocked next to or near their locations. This will help overcome the problems due to shipment or air place in case these modes of transport are affected. A firm can also consider having more than one supplier for a habituated commodity, this will be a second option during emergency situations. For an organisation to succeed in its implementation of the JIT system, major changes within the organisation need to be undertaken. The top management need to show commitment and offer full support.They are also required to lead from the front if the benefits of the JIT system are to be realised. The adoption and implementation of the JIT system will substantially affect the mode and criteria through which carriers and other logistics services providers will be recruited by the organisation. Organisations should be able to come up with service providers who are really efficient so as to pass on the efficiency downstream the supply chain. The just in time concept is highly dependent on the speed and ef ficiency with which products are moving at along the chain.It is therefore worthy to mention that the JIT system will highly affect the style of operations in the logistics industry. The number of logistics service providers to be recruited will also be determined by the success of the JIT system. According to (Ian 1988), constant and effective communication between business firms and their suppliers is another important factor that will affect the future of JIT in the global business environment. The quality of information that will be conveyed should also be put into consideration. The right information should be conveyed to the right place, at the right time and to the right person.A successful implementation of the JIT system in the future will highly depend on additional training of the implementing personnel (Abuhilal, Rabadi, & Sousa-Poza 2006). A lot of strain should be on the training of the personnel that are directly involved in the implementation of the JIT concept. Thi s should not be taken to mean that other employees in the organisation should not be trained. An elaborate training plan on this system should be unveiled and the concerned departments or functions for example, production, logistics, marketing should be given intense training.The major areas to be considered should include policies on JIT system, communication skills and training on commitment to the principles of JIT. The future of the just in time (JIT) system in the global environment will highly depend on the level of technology that will be embraced by an organisation. This includes both in machinery and other shoes operations. Adoption of improved technology for material handling is a key area that firms need to look at. They should consider embracing cross docking or flowing inventory through a distribution centre.With an improved material handling facility, the businesses can absorb shocks easily in the event that there is recess in the supply chain (Kreng & Wang 2005) The use of information technology is in inventory management is particularly crucial if the growth and success of the JIT system is to be guaranteed. Business organisations should utilise information technology resources both in hardware and software so as to enhance the success of the JIT system. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) modules should be adopted for inventory management and controls within the organisation. network resources should be highly utilised for an effective JIT system. The most applicable resources include e- procurance, e- marketing. e-banking and e-mailing. When an organisation conducts procurement via internet, a variety of goods both in terms of quality and quantity may be obtained. The business deal is also conducted in an accelerated speed. market via the internet allows for the organisation to reach many customers within a very short time and hence improve on the organisations sales.Internet banking allows for faster business transactions hence delays asso ciated with payments are reduced and therefore the supply chain is protected from such delays (Hale 1997). To ensure that the intended results of the JIT concept are achieved, it is important for firms doing business together along a given supply chain be proactive in their operations. By being proactive, it means that a consumer should be involved directly in what their supplier is producing. The consumers should be involved in product design so as to have a product of their own making.On the hand it is very important for the suppliers to follow up and find out how their products are serving the customers. This will help in the elimination of ripples along the chain and hence easy implementation of the JIT system. The players in the supply chain should develop a culture of sharing problems when they occur at a particular point of the supply chain, this in a nutshell will reduce the overall effect that the problem would have on the entire supply chain (Titone 1996).The just in case system is another approach that will have an impact on the future of JIT system in the global environment. It is very important for firms to have a buffer stock that can bail it out when events in the supply chain dont seem to be favourable. The idea of having safety stocks for emergency times should not be confused by firms holding inventories. It is a different concept from overstocking.

Physical development Essay

Throughout this coursework I go away be writing about diametric liveliness-st terms of my chosen celebrity. My chosen celebrity is Michael Jackson. I for collar activate with physical development and go through intellectual, emotional and social developments.Physical development first childhood At more or less THE AGE OF 3 months time s spend a pennyr Michael testament be qualified to sit supported by their carers. This develops up to the age of 6 months the where the infant go away be adequate-bodied to sit unfounded for a few minutes, turn their head and roll over. At about 9 months the infant go forth be fitting to sit for about 10 minutes, and roll and crawl just about. At the age of 1, Michael bequeath be to sit unsupported and go to a sitting position by himself. He go away similarly be adequate to crawl fast and stand by holding onto manything. At about 15 months the infant pass on be able to walk around briefly and crawl stairs or crawl onto varied ob jects. At about 2 days he impart be able to walk and walk UP AND down from THE stairs AND RUN on their own because their leg muscles leave behind suck up grown a half-size bit. He will be able to walk fully unsupported. At the age of 3 he will be able to run around, deteriorate and catch objects because he will have developed their reactions.Childhood At DURING childhood, Michael will non have fully grown their body, they will unflustered have small parts of their body to fully grow. At this phase angle Michael will be able to ride bicycles and run and skip. His muscles will also develop therefore they will be able to hit with bats and catch easier. In addition, at this stage the children may slightly have their puberty and show almost signs.Adolescence At this stage, Michael will jump-start to go through puberty. There will be massive falsifys on their bodies. For girls, they will start develop their breasts and grow pubic hair under armpits and around private parts. The girls hips will also start to widen. At later stage girls will have their periods, which meanS that they can start to have babies. For boys, they will grow more muscles and grow pubic hair around their armpits and around their penis. The boys testicles and penis will also grow larger, and boy will start to produce sperm. Boys can realize this by having wet dreams. One of the biggest developments in boys is that their voice will break, BY Their voice will start sightly deeper and their voice box grows.Adulthood At this stage Michael will be fully mature and grown. Usually adults gain weight at this stage unremarkably because of their inactivity in sports. Men will ALSO be able to produce sperm until they are ABOUT 80 years old, however this varies on different masses. For women they will stop having period at around the age of 45-55 AND THEY WILL START MENOPAUSE, which means they cant have babies anymore. some(a) women will start TO feel some intellect of loss when this occu rs.Later maturity date At this stage Michaels body will start to suffer weaker. Some study changes will occur to peoples bodies. One of the approximately obvious changes is wrinkles. Michael will start have lots of wrinkles around their face and body. An otherwise change is Michaels hair. Some PEOPLE will start to get white or grey hair, but more often people lose their hair and start to become bald. Bones will start to become much weaker and easier to break if there is an accident especially womens. Most people will start find it leaden to breath because their hearts and lungs becomes weaker and less efficient. Another major change is that peoples sight starts to weaken. They will find it hard to see stuff from pie-eyed range and far range. In addition, they will find it hard to hear stuff as their hearing will become weaker too. Another physical change in later adult hood is that joints become stiffer, old people will find it hard to move around due to this. As sense of bala nce reduces more old people uses a stick to help them balance and walk.Intellectual developmentLanguage development At around 3 months old Michael will be able to make some noises because they will have learnt how to control their muscles used with giving speech. At around 12 months Michael will start making noises made by the parents or carers. For example, if the carer says mommy MAMA, the infant will repeat the carer and say mommy MAMA. At around the age of 2 Michael will be able to put two words together and make a two word speech. At the age of 3 children will start to make sentences to communicate with their parents. For example they can say I want to go out but their sentences might be hard to scan. At the age of 5 and above, children will be able to make clear sentences which could be understood by anyone and use adult grammar.Infancy and childhood At birth babies are born with senses. They will only be able to sense different objects. Babies are also born with reflexes. Th ese reflexes will help to feed, for example, sucking reflexes to feed them self. These reflexes will lead to motor actions which controls the babys body muscles automatically. At this stage the babies thinking will be limited. Piaget states that babies will not be able to memories and think about the world until they are 18 months old. At the age of 2 Piaget believes that children will not be able to think logically, however the children will be able to make noises or use words to communicate but they still wont understand it logically. At around the age of 5 children will be able to start thinking logically.Children will also understand different concepts. For example, the concept of colors, metrical composition and sizes. The child will also start learning whets right and wrong. At this stage children will also join school and meet spic-and-span people. For this dry land they will begin to learn new vocabulary because they will listen to other children in their class and theref ore they will start to learn new words. They will be able to see stuff from someone else point of view and start to be able to solve problems on their own.Adolescence At early adolescence TEENAGERS will start to think in different ways. They will understand harder concepts and solve COMPLEX problems easier. They will also be able to blend different in establishation from different sources. This means that they will be able to solve problems in their head without actually seeing them.Adulthood At this stage most people will find jobs and new careers. Due to this, adults will start to learn new skills such as effective communication skills. In addition, adults will start to live in estimateently, which means that they will have to learn the skills of cooking and managing their homes. This will prepare them for children and marriage. Most adults will get under pressure at this stage therefore their thinking time will become a lot slower. But because of their experience they will find i t easier to solve their problemsLater adulthood At this stage Michael will find it hard to remembering things. Especially if they are under pressure. Their reaction time will also become slower. However, because of their historical experience in life, they will be able to make better decisions than younger people. In addition at this stage Michael will start to get ready for retirement.Emotional developmentsInfancy 0-3 years When a baby is born they need to build an attachment with their carer. Bowlby argued that infants will have an automatic need to form attachment with their carer. This quality will have future come upon on the childs emotional developments. However Ainsworth argues that the quality of the attachment will affect the assumptions people make about their life and others. This means that infants with a good quality of attachment will be able to cope with stress and hesitation in life whereas infants with in underwrite attachment will have a reduced ability to cope with stress and events in life. Later on during infancy, in about 6 months infants will be incertain of strangers. at about 2 years, they will show jealousy with peers and siblings, they will not be able to control their emotions. At the age of 3 they will start to control their emotions better and not as jealous of other children.Childhood 4-9 years At this stage Michael become much better at controlling their emotions. They will learn how to express their emotions differently in different situations. Children will mostly depend on their carers and family. As children grow older they will meet new people and teachers. Their relationship between their teachers and friends will have affect on their self-confidence. For example, if a child gets bullied in school, their self confidence will be low whereas if they are popular in school it will have a appointed affect on them and have a high self confidence.Adolescence 10-18 years At adolescence Michaels hormones change and therefore they will have different emotions. People will be excited one minute and depressed the next. Families and carers will find difficult to cope with these mood swings. This is usually because they are going through puberty. At this stage people also try to discover who they actually are and try to create an identity for themselves. Teenagers usually do this by having ideas of politics or religion, or by smoking or drinking. Erikson a famous psychologist has created an identity theory which states that in order for a person to feel fully secure when they work with others or having sexual attachments, they will need to have a clear understanding of their identity and they should fully understand who they are. This will be a very stressful time for teenagers and their development of their identity will have affect on their self-esteem.Adulthood 19-65 years During this life stage Michael will have to be more independent and self-reliant. At this stage Michael start living with their partne rs and this will demand a high level of emotional maturity which some may struggle. People who struggle with this usually break up their relationships. Michael have to adapt with their partners and their own emotions and control them and respond in an accurate way. Erikson argues that the key undertaking of early adulthood was learning to cope with emotional attachment to a sexual partner. This means that Michael must ensure that they do not become emotionally isolated and not being too self-centered. At later point of this stage adults will start having children. This means that adults have to accept new responsibilities. Having children will cause lots of stress because children are very demanding. Adults will have to be very emotionally mature to cope with this.Later adulthood 65+ At later adulthood Michaels emotions will become fully mature. You may experience some difficulties as you may suffer from bereavement and there not able to control your emotions. Because of retiremen t you will have more free time, therefore you will be able to spend more time with your family and friends and take emotions.Social developments Infancy 0-3 years At these stage infants usually start to interact with their carers. Once they are 2 months old they will start to smile. At 3 months they will start to make some responsive behavior when adults talk. This means that they are trying to respond when adults are talking to them. At around 5 months old, they will start to become scared and shy of strangers. They will be able to tell the difference between familiar and unfamiliar people. At around 2 years old, they become interested in playing with other children and start to slowly play alongside other children but still not interact with them. At about 2 years, they might join other children for a few minutes but then play solely for the rest of the time as the child do not know how to share toys and playthings. At 3 years old they will be able to play with other children as they now have learnt how to share they toys, and they will also be able to stay away from their parents for few hours.Childhood 4-9 years At this stage Michael has formed a strong attachment with their carers and have learned all the social behaviors within their family. Michael will now be able to understand the emotions and feelings of others. He can be separated from their carers for long time without stressing. At about 5 years old children will start to socialise a lot more. He will for the first time join school and meet many new children. Due to this, he will start to learn the rules of fairness in different games. He will also learn how to co-operate with other children and they fly the coop to choose their friends. They usually bond with friends who like and mark off with each other. At about 7 years children start to understand the differences between sexes. Due to this they usually play with the same sex and are shy of opposite sex. This usually continues until adoles cence.Adolescence 10-18 years At adolescence Michael will usually become independent from their parents. Friends become more important than family and parents. It becomes important to fit in with other groups. For this reason at this stage Michael usually tend to copy others styles and the way they dress to fit in groups. In early stages of adolescence teenagers usually do different activities in groups. Therefore, teenagers test drugs and alcohol as an experiment. In later stages of adolescence teenagers become more interested in opposite sex and usually start a sexual relationship with the opposite sex as an experiment. Overall adolescence will be a struggling time because teenagers goes through puberty however, in this life stage they will get prepared towards the adulthood as in this stage teenagers test everything such as sexual relationships.Adulthood 19-65 years In adulthood Michael have to make their most important decision in their life. Most of the people choose their fore ver partner this stage and marriage takes place. However, this happens at later stage of adulthood. At early adulthood friendship will still remain important but employment and work will take place. Therefore Michael may not be able to socialise as much as they could in adolescence. People start to work at this stage and become totally independent from parents. Parents will start to realize that their child will have to take care of them self from now on. Michael now also have to separate relationships. For example they will have formal relationship in work with colleagues and informal relationship with friends and older friends. Socializing with friends will lessen constantly throughout the adulthood. People socialize less once they have married and have children. The responsibility will be higher and people tend to spend more time with their own family and children. Due to this people may experience pressure during their adulthood.Later Adulthood 65+ At this stage, most people r etire because the retirement age is 65 years old. This means that during this life stage Michael will have much free time therefore socialize more. Most people usually spend more time doing their hobbies and interests and some spends more time with their family. However, this all depends on the level of income. If Michael has more income, he will be able to enjoy his hobbies and travel around, whereas if you have low income you will not be able to do all those stuff. During retirement people children may live on their own with their own family, therefore older people might feel isolated and unneeded, however they may enjoy having their grandchildren and enjoying time with them. In addition, some people may suffer from bereavement of close friends or partners therefore they will have to get used to socialize in a smaller circle.

Food has become easier to prepare Essay

We live in century when everybody has deviceThe time is Gold.We always work,rush and have busy life.So thats why the fast nutriment is the shell choise for men,who dont want to waste their time with waiting for preparing something to eat.And it concern that kind of multitude who eats for living,not lives for eatingWe can find fast food in some caffe,restaurants or in other such kind of places,where people heat just for satisfaction feelings of hunger as quick as possible.Altought there are a lot of packed and freezed food in markets which are bought for quick preparation by people who always come mansion very late and tired,after hard day. But as we all know fast food has negativities too.First of all ,this is a junk food and if we pay our aid on it from medical side,we will notice that it is very uselessly and harmfully for health.Because junk food contain conservators,artificial additionals and a lot of other chemical structures,what suppress our organism.We are enough inform ed or so it,but as always we choose easy way for solving problems,even if it concern our health. I would like to say about me as example for this topic .I am a student.I have full schedule.From early morning till the evening I have to be outside.I dont have chance to go home for eating because I live very far from my university.I am trying to have eat and supper at home,but in time for dinner dont have other way as eating fast food with friends in caffe or in university canteen.So I agree with opinion,that this change has improved the way people live. In conclusion I would add something for this issue in form of advice to peopleLets use fast food only of necessity.Dont prefer junk food to fresh home-made meal,for beeing strong and healthy,for having energy to work and to go on

Contribution of the EYFS to young children’s development and learning

IntroductionEarly Year Foundation Stage (EYFS) setting is an important surrounding for boyish small fryrens knowledge. domineering relationships atomic number 18 built at this coif, where children learn through respectful and caring interactions. Practitioners are also adequate to give priorities to main person, and respectfully react to children and their parents various(prenominal) opinions. The enabling environment at EYFS provides children with the mandatory time, space and materials to express themselves through plays, investigations and explorations of new ideas (Wood and Attfield, 2005). The practician is up to(p) to observe, organise and plan the flow of activities. Significantly, it is at this stage where a practitioner is able to identify the difference among children in terms of unique capabilities. In essence, pay backmental rates for children differ, with varied interests mostly influenced by the several(predicate) socio-cultural and family backgrounds. Posit ive interactions Young children lots rely on handsome educators to stimulate and sustain their encyclopaedism (Broadhead, Howard and Wood, 2010). One of the key goals of the EYFS is to create the ideal condition for accomplishment to take place. EYFS also allows children to know the practitioners, thus enhancing trust and rely upon the adults for support. Studies show that young children have their own ideas about what they wish and want to do (Broadhead, 2010, p.29). accustomed freewill to choose what they want, they would passionately pursue their chosen career over those preferred by family members. Bringing children together in the EYFS programmes also provide them with the opportunity to share idiosyncratic knowledge with each other. Through group plays, individual child is able to initiate their destiny, take the lead, make choices, and develop individual opinion capacity as hygienic as new ideas. They are also keen to draw sense from things in their surroundings. The positive interaction is also discovered in the manner in which children adapt play as a form of learning. Play is recognised as an important aspect of well-being and development of children. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Children (1989) states that play should be a fundamental commitment within the EYFS. Although the relationship between play and learning is non straightforward, research evidence suggests that different types of play help children to learn and to become confident learners in their future lives (Wood and Attfield, 2005, p.113). Other researches also indicate that childrens learning is enhance when they interact with skilled adult in certain ways, thus promoting their good progress (Miller and Almon, 2009). The benefits of playful approaches to learning can never be overstated in the effective development of young children. EYFS settings are made with certain guidelines that focus on both short term and long term success. The best outcomes of chil drens learning is often found in places where learners are exposed to a myriad activities, including initiatives spearheaded by children themselves and supported by skillful adults. The interaction between young children and skilled adults at EYFS has the ability to increase adult support. Studies have indicated that too little adult interaction and support can limit a childs learning process (Miller and Almon, 2009). Similarly, play with adults although can be rich and be full of purpose, may be full of chaos and repetitive to an goal that it limits learning and exploration among the young children. The interaction is a critical aspect that will ensure the young children get professional support even as they grow and learn.Opportunity to listen to childrenEYFS allows practitioners to listen to young children and understand what they should be taught. At the same time, practitioners are able to set new challenges within the scope that the young children can recognise. When the chi ldren are brought together through EYFS, the practitioners are able to acknowledge individual childs ability and be fully cognisant of what they can learn, thus allow them to plan and provide for every stage in the learning process (Broadhead, Howard and Wood, 2010). When relationship has been developed between young children and adult practitioners, the latter knows the right thing to engage them during play, through the use of sounds, gesture, movements or objects (QCA, 2005). The practitioner is able to judge the extent of their engagement with the children during play, and when they are ready for the entryway of new skills. Practitioners, as skillful adults, use the EYFS to support and enhance young childrens learning by selecting from pool of strategies available and matching them according to the particularized needs of the children. In the EYFS setting, decisions such as what to give children and what best ways to help them learn are made several times each day. A skillful practitioner is able to learn the childrens needs through listening to them in an EYFS setting, where they can also learn the nature of play and jest each child possess. Increase effective breeding Children often cherish moments when they are in control and periods when they acquire the feelings that they are autonomous in their quotidian learning. Neuroscience studies have shown that children are well motivated and intelligent learners who explore everything around them (Lancaster and Broadbent, 2003). Thus, when children are brought together in an EYFS, the article of faith becomes more effective because the practitioners are able to build the right conditions for learning. Adults are also able to manage the pace of activities and ensure they learn through stimulating opportunities. When balance between spontaneous plays is established, the practitioner is able to evaluate the childrens choices and achievements and provide a guiding principle of learning to increase effective ness. It is established that too much directed activity often deprives children of the opportunity to engage actively when learning (Broadhead et al., 2010). EYFS practitioner can increase effective teaching by arranging time, space and activities within the daily bend programme to reflect the overall combination which significantly support wellbeing of children. A combination of child-initiated plays and adult-led playful activities allows professionals to choose the right approach that will not only enhance the developmental stage of the children but also provide individual and group support as a form of effective teaching (Miller and Almon, 2009). For example, a particular day can be set to allow free play between children without any adults involvement. This approach provides children with the needed space, independence and relaxation. At the other end of the scale are days when short sessions are carefully planned and structured with activities that are useful when teaching sp ecific skills. At the EYFS setting, skillful practitioners are able to impact young children positively by teaching them how to build positive identities through collaboration. Young children are also able to develop caring relationships with other people, manage and take risks, experience success, develop resilience, cope with failures, and develop can-do attitude that is critical in the modern worlds increasing competitive environment. The high-quality provisions at EYFS are essential for children in their attempts to develop positive dispositions, which is the foundation for long-term learning success.Unique Childs opportunity to learnChildren often have different development rates, varied interests, different cultural backgrounds and unique families that define their beforehand(predicate) life experience (Rogers and Evans, 2008). EYFS themes allow them to explore these abilities, and design what fits each child according to their background. At the EYFS setting, practitioners a re able to plan and structure activities that can be essential in the teaching of specific skills. This stage of teaching can benefit children with recognised special educational needs. Young children are also able to build their vocabulary and demonstrate to them how to use specific tools and equipments. Neuroscience studies show that human brains develop and function in an exploratory setting (Tovey, 2007), which is essentially offered at EYFS. The exemption to combine resources at the EYFS in many varied ways is important because of the flexibility of the cognitive development process. Unique children are able to build pathways for mentation and learning, and to make connections across areas of experience in the process (Miller and Almon, 2009). Theories of learning and development agree with the perspectives developed in brain research that learning is both individual and social, and that young children, particularly the ones with unique abilities, are not passive learners (Mil ler and Almon, 2009). These children drive their learning and development through selective choices on what they like, individual interests they make in these activities, the knowledge they acquire, and their motivation to do things with competence. Broadhead, Howard, and Wood (2010) observe that choices and interests of unique children are the driving forces that build knowledge, skills and understanding. For example, the children are constantly learning about themselves as well as their socio-cultural worlds when they play with other children and skillful adultsConclusionYoung children learn in several ways as they grow up. First, it is recognised that children learn through play, both amongst themselves and with adults. Its through play that children are able to explore, investigate and develop ideas. Young children also learn at the presence of other people, which allows them to develop emotional security and social skills. Through EYFS, children are able to meet these needs by being active and talking to themselves. They are also shown how to do things and how to meet physical and mental challenges, thus helping them develop lifelong learning habit.ReferencesBroadhead, P., Howard, J. and Wood E. (2010). Play and Learning in Early Childhood settings possibility and Practice, Sage, London. Lancaster, Y.P. and Broadbent, V. (2003). Listening to Young Children, Open University Press, Maidenhead. Miller, E. and Almon, J. (2009). Crisis in the Kindergarten Why Children Need to Play in School, College Part, MD, Alliance for Children. QCA (2005). Continuing the Learning Journey INSET Package, QCA, London (ref. QCA/05/1590). Rogers, S. and Evans, J. (2008). inner Role-Play in Early Childhood Education, Researching Young Childrens Perspectives. Routledge London. Tovey, H. (2007). Playing Outdoor Spaces and Places, Risk and Challenge. Open University Press Maidenhead. Wood, E. and Attfield, J. (2005). Play, Learning and the Early Children Curriculum. Paul Chapman L ondon.

Consent searches in the Fourth Amendment Essay

The Fourth Amendment provides provisions that protect citizens from searches and seizures that are unreasonable. However, the individuals may waive their rights by concur to searches. This essay is aimed at listing (Zalman, 2010), describing and explaining the rules regarding consent searches and providing a case study to illustrate the rules.When the court is called up on to determine whether consent was given for a search, it puts into consideration several issues. The first is that it considers the age, background and mental capacity of the subject. When the officer is seeking consent from the subject, he or she should not show weapons as that is considered to be coercive. In short, the officer should not use aggression to get the consent (Stephens & Glenn, 2006). The other rule is founded in the case Monroe v. Pape (1961) and which is based on the time the consent is sought. The rule requires officers to desist from seeking consents at night. Attempting to conduct a search at n ight is seen as evil and in a most objectionable form (Zalman, 2010).ConclusionIn conclusion, the law provides a waiver for the rights of protection from searches and seizures and the Fourth Amendment. However, the rules that govern such a waiver are so unrelenting such that, an officer may find himself in breach easily if care is not exercised. These rules cover issues such as the mental capacity, age, time of get the consent and the manner of soliciting such consent. As mentioned, care has to be exercised or otherwise the search constitutes a breach.ReferencesZalman, M. (2010). Criminal Procedure Constitution and Society, Sixth Edition. scholar Hall.Hess, K. Orthman, C. H., & Cho, H. (2014). Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Cengage Learning.Top of FormStephens, O. H., & Glenn, R. A. (2006). Unreasonable searches and seizures Rights and liberties under the law. Santa Barbara, Calif. u.a. ABC-Clio. Bottom of FormSource document

Necklace by Guy de Maupassant Essay

The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant, is a story about a well-favoured girl, named Mathilde Loisel who was born into an unfavorable family. She then got married, Monsieur Loisel who is a common clerk, who can only provide her with little things. Unhappy with her circumstances, Mme Loisel always felt beneath herself. So to lead the person she wanted to be she borrowed a friends necklace for a party, she lost it, and then had to do everything she could to pay off the debt made from the replacement necklace. Maupassant manoeuvres that she had gotten exactly what she deserves for her vanity and pride. She not only was punished, but her husbands life was also affected.Since Mme Loisel had believed that because of her beauty she deserved to be of higher class that what she was in. She claims she had suffered endlessly because she felt as though she was entitled to delicacy and luxury. Maupassant is showing his reader how conceited Mme Loisel was being. Instead of being happy that she live in comfort, Mme Loisel dreamed of more. She dreamed of delicate meals and rattling(prenominal) dishes things that she believed she deserved right because of her beauty.Trying to make his wife happy Monsieur Loisel came home with an invitation to a party. Instead of being happy she flung the invitation and was beginning to cry. The was another example, given by Maupassant, showing Mme Loisels vanity, and how much she hated that fact that she couldnt afford dresses to match her beauty. Her husband, however still tries to please her by giving her money to get a beautiful dress. However this was still not enough because she now needed jewelry to match. Thus showing more of how she thought highly of herself just because of beauty and wanted more to mach it. She borrowed her friends necklace, and unfortunately lost it on the way home.She bought a replacement and it caused her and her husband to be in debt. She began to do the heavy sour of the houseand ten years went by and she began to look old and became like all other poor women. Maupassant showed his readers Mme Loisels karma for her wanting so much of what she cannot have. whence what made matters worse, she found out that the necklace she borrowed was fake and was worth a lot less than the replacement. This was Maupassants way to punish the conceited girl. Now she is no weeklong the beautiful girl she once was and she now lives in poverty. This was the best way to punish Mme Loisel. Unfortunately her husband suffered too.Her husband also was punished, mainly because instead of carnal knowledge his wife she should just tell her friend what happened, he told her to buy time by saying theyre getting it fixed. His penalisation was using the money leave from his father, and risked his signature by borrowing money from different people. He now had to let go of their servant, changed their flat, because now they had work to pay off the debt, and in the dish up they fell into more debt. The husband had to w ork even harder than before having to pay off the many debts. He even had to work evenings and nights.Maupassant gave his reader the right punishment for Mme Loisel. She now was old, lost her beauty and became even more poor. This was a just punishment because she should have been appreciative of what she had. Even though she want lively she at least lived comfortably. She now lost her beauty trying to be someone she wasnt and now she lives with even less luxury than before. Maupassant wanted to show his reader that you must be grateful for what you have, and dont look for things that is not of you nature. Mme Loisel didnt live luxury so she shouldnt have looked for luxury.

Global Corporate Citizenship Essay

1. Do you retrieve that apple has demonstrated world-wide merged citizenship, as defined in this chapter ? Why or Why non ? Global corporate citizenship means that companies must not only be engaged with stakeholders but stakeholders themselves alongside government and gracious society. Since companies depend on global development, which in turn relies on stability and increased prosperity, it is in their rule interest to help improve the state of the world. When apple investigated and found some violations of its supplier code of conduct, which it had introduced in 2005. The following year, the company published its startle annual supplier responsibility progress report, I think Apple demonstrated global corporate citizenship. Apple admitted its violations and did everything in its power to correct them. By 2011, Apple had inspected nearly 400 suppliers and had terminated 11 for serious violations.2. In its response to problems in its contract factories, do you think Apple moved through the poses of corporate citizenship presented in this chapter ? Why or Why not ? _ Corporate citizenship is a term used to describe a companys role in, or responsibilities towards society. So in Apples situation, it has moved through the elementary stage because at first it seemed they were not concerned the citizenship. During peak production periods, all three factories had exceeded the mandated limit of 60 hours of work per day, and more employees had been required to work more than 7 days in a row not receiving attractive pay for overtime, unsafe conditions. Then Apple went through engaged stage, it turned to Social Accountability outside(a) and announced it had joined the Fair Labor Association. This is because Apple became aware that they needed to change public expectations. To pay off sure all contractors abiding the code at Apples request and with the companys financial support, the FLA immediately undertook the most extensive audit ever conducted of condi tions in Chinas electronics tally chain. 35,000 workers filled out anonymous questionnaires about their experiences. This process means that Apple is in the innovative stage and they continue in the process of auditing and tracking improvements.3. What are the advantages and disadvantages to Apple of using its own company-specific supplier code of conduct, rather than a global code, suchas those discussed in this chapter? Apples Supplier legislation of conduct was already one of the toughest in the electronic industry, but it have made it even stronger. And its chequer compliance by conducting hundreds of audits per year worldwide. Its efforts span the entire range of its supply chain from the manufacturers of tiny components to the facilities that launch its final products.4. What are the advantages and disadvantages to Apple of using and independent third-party hearer, rather than rely on its own inhering audits? The advantages of bringing in a third-party firm are numerous . Investigative auditing firms employ accountants who do this work on a regular basis. As such, they know what to look for. Another advantage is openity. An outside investigatory auditor who has no personal or professional relationship with your employees is likely to conduct the audit in an impartial manner. This is important, as these investigations can lead to criminal prosecution. Thus, relying on an internal accountant to find fraud or theft might place him in an uncomfortable situation, which can affect morale.The FLA can certainly assume to be more independent. It conducts its own audits and requires members to disclose the results. And it also has a third-party auditor re-audit some of its own inspections to accommodate sure progress is being made on fixing violations. If indeed you have an accountant skilful in investigative auditing on staff, it makes sense to use your own forensic accountant in the investigative auditing process. The positive side of this is that it gives you more control over the dissemination of randomness. It is typically harder to control dissemination of information when an outside firm is involved. Another disadvantage is cost-related. Hiring an investigative auditing firm is typically far more dear(predicate) than using your own investigative accountant.

European Influence on Japan & China Essay

The European arrival had an effect on both China and Japan. China and Japan had nigh similar and different reactions to the arrival of the Europeans. In China and Japan, the European arrival affected the technologies and economies of both societies similarly, whereas the reasonableness of closing off differed in these societies.The engineering science of the Europeans following their arrival penetrated both the Japanese and Chinese societies. In China, in order to gain the elect(ip)s interest in the Christian religion, the Jesuit missionaries introduced the technology of cannons and clocks. In Japan during the 1950s, the Portuguese technology of clock and gun making, influenced society strongly. The Japanese and Chinese both openly accepted the new European technologies because they felt they needed to accept the technologies to keep up with the Europeans, who seemed more technologic altogethery advanced. In both China and Japan, people were being converted to Christianity. They were being converted from top to bottom. erst a year, China and Japan, were able to trade with the Europeans. They isolated themselves and traded with each other.Japan and China also had any(prenominal) different reactions to the European arrival. They had different reasons for isolating. After Zheng He died, the Chinese government decided to close the ports, drop two. The Chinese and the Europeans exchanged goods once a year for the next 400 years. China agreed with the isolation because the scholar gentry saw the voyages as a waste of resources. They rather spend the money on defending China. Japan grew doubts with the European intentions, that both merchants and missionaries might subvert the existing social order.This led to ex officio measures to restrict foreign activities in Japan. Under Ieyasu and his successors, the persecution of the Christians increased to isolate Japan from outside influences. In the 1630s, all the Japanese ships were forbidden to trade or even sail overseas. By the mid-17th century, Japans remove into almost total isolation was complete. A major difference was after Japan isolated themselves, an elite class still remained interested in the Europeans. Unlike the Chinese who looked down on the Europeans and ignored what they had to straits and stay isolated with them.The Chinese and Japanese had similar and different reactions to the arrival of the Europeans. Both of these societies had a technology advancement. Also, they both isolated themselves from the Europeans and instead they traded with each other. They had different reasons for isolating. Also, an important difference was that in Japan, a group remained interested in the Europeans. This differed from the Chinese because after they isolated, they didnt want anything to do with the Europeans.

Vehicle On Board Electronic System Suffer Interference Engineering Essay

As modern locomotiveering is more(prenominal) forward, the requirement from clients and fomite makers to put in Numberss of electrical and electronic systems into cars has dramatically increased. The lifting demand lead to onboard sophisticated electronic promise systems in cars to heighten driver comfort and fomite safety. These systems embroil Control Area Networks ( CAN ) , Engine Management Systems ( EMS ) , Anti-Lock Braking Systems ( ABS ) , safety systems, communications, Mobile, wireless headsets, amusement systems, assortment of DC motors and accountants. The physical size of most fomite instruments use atomic number 18 lessen dramatically payable to demanding take fire weight cars for better public presentation.As system goes smaller it becomes more complex with package enter on electronics. As more systems present plentiful take c atomic number 18 of wires need to be installed to link them, whence increasing the cost of fabricating. To clipping complicate co st and weight all modern fomites makers argon be afterwardsing to function radiocommunication or usage CAN coach multiplex wire system. Puting big figure of electronic and electrical system on vehicle in little confined infinite is slake a job with Electromagnetic Interference ( EMI ) of these systems from interfering with each other doing cross talk ( radiated and conducted emanations ) . If these systems argon non controlled decently they may neglect or do terrible jobs, because as an unfortunate all electronics start out any kind of intervention.Embedded microcontrollers be used in assortment of vehicle systems such as EMS. The two major EMI menaces interior decorators presently concentrating are susceptibleness ( victim of EMI ) and unsusceptibility ( beginning of EMI ) . This estimation is focused on EMC issues in vehicle electronics forelandly on car engine direction system.hypertext move out protocol //www.vehicle-lab.net/Pics/ecu.jpgFig.1Developing engine room in modern car industry, computing machines got involved with cars and their engines. Modern engine s operation is now controlled by computing machines ECU ( Engine Control Unit ) which are in like elbow room called as EMS ( Engine direction System ) . The EMS controls the maps of the engine and allows a proper(ip) direction of the engine s operations utilizing a assortment of detectors. Modern Engine Control Units were introduced due to the technological promotion to introduce microprocessors ( CPU ) that were fast adequate to supply a real-time operation.Further promotion of vehicle electronics do EMC a major issue. Engine direction Systems are largely affected by several factors including testy environments. The automotive environment contains several menaces including occasion transients, wireless frequence intervention ( external and onboard wireless senders and receiving systems ) stable discharge and creator line electric and magnetic Fieldss. Fortunately these jobs ke ister be overcome by dint of good EMI target proficiencys.Due to EMI most modern engines which are controlled by EMS started responding adversely. Some issues were vehicles experienced durationy acceleration without drivers purpose, engines cut off or cruise control accelerates the auto beyond drivers control.EMC Issues Associated with EMSAs engineering is rapidly progressing, car makers are seeking to do more safe autos and practically modern vehicles are safer than earlier but still EMI jobs can do some terrible accidents. As autos can travel anyplace interference caused to its onboard electronics is sometimes unpredictable. The few jobs of EMI are electrostatic discharge from worlds, power line Fieldss ( transformers ) , radio frequence unsusceptibility, wayside broadcast, cellular telephone, air ambit radio detection and ranging systems, autos ain systems ( chief cause of power transient ) and galore(postnominal) more. There is besides major job of EMI which can do to vehicl es such as, after an accident vehicle is repaired, when proprietors modify them by adding extra amusement systems onboard or by external native structure noveltys. If these alterations are done by utilizing devices or systems which are non of EMC criterions this can do extra jobs of EMI by guide the better ofing the intervention control steps rigid by original vehicle maker.The chief mechanisms that produce EMI are Conductive Emissions It is generated by exchanging of solenoids in gear box, relays and by commuting of electric motors. These are transient in nature. The emanations are conducted along the wiring harness and spread into the power supply terminuss of onboard electronic systems. These transients get coupled inductively or capacitively into signal leads of assorted systems.Conductive Susceptibility These high electromotive force transients get superimposed into vehicle power supply of 12v or 24v and can significantly harm the electronic systems of the vehicle.Radiated Emissions Radiated emanations mount from two beginnings in the vehicle.Conducted transients which are generated by electrical systems which starts breathing radiation since the wiring harness acts as an forward pass.Emissions from electronic systems which involve high velocity logic such as microprocessor circuitry. Harmonicss generated from clock pulsations of 1MHZ or greater which extend over 100MHz. These are either radiated straight from the system ( microprocessor ) or from the wiring harness. Radiated emanations from liberation system besides interfere with other vehicles or with domestic receiving systems.Radiated Susceptibility Since vehicle in an intact mode is likely to be a good conducting organic structure as it is subjected to harsh electromagnetic environment onboard and nomadic transceivers. Highest rate of jobs at 20-200MHz set is due to wiring harness and vehicle organic structure itself. The fixed onboard senders around the vehicle produce great sum of power but comparatively less field military capability, but nomadic senders are opposite by breathing less power with greater field strengths impacting more on host and next vehicle.Therefore illustrated by citing the undermentioned equatingTocopherol = ( v30PG ) /r v/mHere E is the field strength in ( v/m ) produced by an impractical with radiated power as P ( W ) and r ( m ) is the maintain amid the beginning and victim. G is antenna addition. See the instance were pretermiting antenna addition were on-board sender emits radiations on ECU. Assuming distance between the beginning and victim is 1m or less in instance between circuit constituents. The power dissipated is assumed as 10W. The field strength experienced by the vehicle is calculated asE = v ( 30*10 ) /1 = 17.32 v/mFrom the to a higher place equation its clearly seeable that the field strength is straight coitus to radiated power and reciprocally relative to distance between matching constituents. If either distance is reduced and power radiated is more the field strength go out be high.Methods to better system public presentationIf EMC issues have to be improved in modern electronics of car, jobs meeting in the design procedure of such systems should be controlled and if it is non done in the design procedure it becomes hard and more expensive to manage it subsequently. Although it is impossible to command emanations such as RF intervention, electrostatic discharge, magnetic Fieldss and many other EMI from external beginnings. Merely proper shielding, filtrating and anchoring of such onboard systems could cut down the hazard of intervention on them.Few EMI decrease methods on circuit degree design of electronic systemsTry traveling most of the constituents to PCBA ( Printed Circuit Board Assembly ) and seek good screening techniques on them.Use less noisy constituents in circuit so that it least interfere with each other. cut buns matching between circuits by good physical separation for EMI.M inimizing the land cringle from the circuit back to the power supply and by cut pour down the land electric resistance by proper anchoring theoretical account.Using ferrite merchandises as it acts as an absorber of EMI energy by breathing less sum of heat. decrease capacitive and inductive yoke of microprocessor and other IC s ( incorporate microcontrollers ) by cut kill the rise clip of pulsations as this procedure decreases the higher frequence constituents of the signal by cut downing harmonics.To command noise, the noisy leads should be twisted together as this method leave diminish the ground of cringle by diminishing magnetic yoke. If shielding could be done on these twisted leads a better solution for the job could be achieved. The leads which are go forthing the shielded country should be filtered all(prenominal) bit good. In autos human body is used as common land, if most of the overseas telegrams are placed near human body it will minimise inductive yoke of wires wit h other constituents. The length of overseas telegram used in vehicles should ever be kept every bit victimize as possible because a long overseas telegram will move as an economical aerial. The leads which are non shielded should be kept every bit short as possible to overturn capacitive yoke.As screening helps to avoid intervention from come ining the constituents circuit, the conducted harmonics can non be to the full shielded. It can be merely eliminated utilizing a filter which will take harmonics without impacting the existent signal. The different types of screening techniques are BLS ( board-level shields ) on PCB s, RF and wire mesh gaskets and many more. Electrically Conductive Elastomers are widely used in autos as it shields from both environment and EMI. These can be custom made or cut into any form required for assortment of applications. These provide screening effectivity up to 120db at 10GHz. Nickel-zinc ferrite merchandises are used extensively in signal line an d EMI filtering as overseas telegram nucleuss, bit beads, CAN-Bus choking coils and connection home bases.examination of vehicle to run into EMC criterionsFirst proving the vehicles electronic unsusceptibility to radiated Fieldss can be tested by puting the vehicle in a big non-resonant chamber of 10m*10m*5m tallness in a RF ( Radio Frequency ) absorber being 1.5m long and expose it to a frequence scope of 1- 10GHz with radiating field strength of up to 60 v/m. The vehicle is being tested without any driver seated. within the trial auto really small as possible testing equipments are being placed to avoid any alteration in response of electronic systems caused by proving equipments. The vehicle is monitored to look into whether ECU or any electronic constituent behaviour is altered at high frequence scope with big field strength. In this trial ECU is connected to spectrum analyzer utilizing ocular fibre overseas telegram to happen out the maximal unsusceptibility degree that the E CU can defy. Spectrum analyser is besides used in proving of EMS and many other electronic microcontrollers.The trustworthy absorbed by wiring harness during this trial is more due to less distance from the radiating beginning. Sing vehicle placed at a distance of 20m, the current induced on wiring harness is being scaled up utilizing current injection technique to look into the behaviour of the system at higher effectual field strength.Three different places of aerial are used as sender by puting one in forepart of the trial vehicle and other two on sides. As batch of wiring harness is accumulated at sides and borders of the vehicle the field strength will be significantly greater at these corners. Testing at these corners will be done at big strength for approximately 100v/m for worst instance conditions.Testing vehicle is the accurate manner of look intoing the unsusceptibility of vehicle electronics to radiated field. However more convenient manner is to look into each and ever y constituent of electronics ( EG on PCB s ) during the design and fabrication phase as provider of these systems does nt necessitate vehicle to prove each electronic constituents.As most EMI occurs through wiring harness due to built-in yoke. The best method to prove systems unsusceptibility is by BCI ( Bulk new Injection ) technique. The following testing measure involves mensurating the current absorbed by wiring harness objet dart vehicle is being subjected to radiations of comparatively low field strength of 1v/m. This trial is done at open(a) trial site at a distance of 20m radiating aerial to forestall deformation from tightlipped field radiation effects and to subject the vehicle to uniformly distributed field.Different trials for far field strengths are conducted from 1-100v/m over a broad frequence scope utilizing different harnesses and field polarisations. Using BCI as a diagnostic technique in a EMC chamber on a entire vehicle testing degrees at which susceptiblene ss occurs at each system can be determined. This trial training will be helpful to increase the unsusceptibility of the system by making suited alteration to the inevitable systems. Assorted standard proving methods such as ISO can be used for both whole vehicle proving and system ( or constituent ) degree proving.Testing method of component degree proving will more frequently extinguish jobs happening at design provinces by doing whole vehicle proving more cost effectual. The major onboard constituents such as CAN Bus web, ECU, EMS, other electronic control systems which control operation of engine will be tested twice on circuit degree and on whole vehicle after its implemented. This would break turn out that system will run into the needed criterions. Thus clip involved in whole vehicle testing will be reduced doing it more immune to rough environments.

Principles Of Teaching And Learning In Teaching Math Essay

Students learn math by means of the experiences that teachers provide. Teachers essential know and escort deeply the math they ar statement and go through and be committed to their students as learners of mathematics and as human beings. There is no one right way to teach. Nevertheless, much is known more or less good mathematics principle. Selecting and victimisation equal curricular materials, using appropriate instructional tools and techniques to offer instruction, and pursuing continuous self-improvement argon actions advantageously teachers take every day. The teacher is answerable for creating an intellectual surround in the classroom where stern amour in numeric thinking is the norm. trenchant precept requires deciding what aspects of a task to highlight, how to organize and direct the work of students, what questions to ask students having varied levels of expertise, and how to support students without taking over the process of thinking for them. Effe ctive article of belief requires continuing efforts to learn and improve.Teachers bespeak to increase their association about mathematics and pedagogy, learn from their students and colleagues, and engage in sea captain breeding and self-reflection. Collaborating with otherspairing an experienced teacher with a new teacher or forming a community of teachersto observe, analyze, and handle belief and students thinking is a powerful, yet neglected, form of professional development. Teachers need goodish opportunities to engage in this kind of continual information. The working lives of teachers must be structured to on the wholeow and support different models of professional development that benefit them and their students.MathematicsPrinciples and practiceWhat bath eruditeness in mathematics enable children and young bulk to achieve?Mathematics is crucial in our everyday life story, eitherowing us to bestride to sense of the world around us and to manage our lives. Using mathematics enables us to model real-life situations and bem consumption connections and informed predictions. It equips us with the skills we need to interpret and analyse cultivation,simplify and solve problems, assess risk and shake off informed decisions.Mathematics plays an important role in areas such as science or technologies, and is life-sustaining to research and development in fields such as engineering, computing science, medicine and finance. Learning mathematics gives children and young raft access to the wider curriculum and the opportunity to pursue further studies and interests.Beca hold mathematics is rich and stimulating, it engages and fascinates learners of all ages, interests and abilities. Learning mathematics develops logical reasoning, analysis, problem-solving skills, creativity and the ability to think in abstract ways. It recitations a common language of deeds and symbols which allows us to communicate ideas in a concise, unambiguous and ri gorous way.To face the challenges of the twenty-first century, each young person necessarily to run through assurance in using numerical skills, and Scotland needs both specialist mathematicians and a highly numerate population.Building the Curriculum 1Mathematics equips us with many of the skills required for life, learning and work. Understanding the part that mathematics plays in almost all aspects of life is crucial. This reinforces the need for mathematics to play an integral part in lifelong learning and be apprehended for the richness it brings.How is the mathematics material structured? at heart the mathematics retchwork, some statements of experiences and outcomes are also divulge as statements of experiences and outcomes in numeracy. These form an important part of the mathematics education of all children and young people as they include many of the numerical and analytical skills required by each of us to spot effectively and successfully in everyday life. All te achers with a responsibility for the development of mathematics ordain be familiar with the role of numeracy within mathematics and with the means by which numeracy is developed across the honk of learningexperiences. The numeracy subset of the mathematics experiences and outcomes is also published separately further information can be set up in the numeracy principles and practice paper.The mathematics experiences and outcomes are structured within three main organisers, each of which contains a number of subdivisionsNumber, money and throwawayEstimation and roundingNumber and number processesMultiples, factors and primesPowers and rootsFractions, decimal fractions and percentages currencyTimeMeasurementMathematics its impact on the world, past, present and futurePatterns and relationshipsExpressions and equations.Shape, position and apparent movementProperties of 2D shapes and 3D objectsAngle, symmetry and transformation.Information handlingData and analysisIdeas of chance a nd uncertainty.The mathematics framework as a whole includes a strong emphasis on the important part mathematics has played, and depart continue to play, in the advancement of society, and the relevance it has for daily life.A key feature of the mathematics framework is the development of algebraic thinking from an early stage. Research shows that the earlier algebraic thinking is introduced, the deeper the mathematical instinct go forth beand the greater the assurance in using mathematics.Teachers depart use the statements of experiences and outcomes in information handling to emphasize the interpretation of statistical information in the world around us and to emphasise the knowledge and skills required to take account of chance and uncertainty when making decisions.The level of achievement at the fourth level has been planed to approximate to that associated with SCQF level 4.What are the features of effective learning and teaching in mathematics?From the early stages onwa rds, children and young people should experience success in mathematics and develop the confidence to take risks, ask questions and search alternative solutions without fear of being wrong. They leave enjoy exploring and applying mathematical concepts to perceive and solve problems, explaining their thinking and presenting their solutions to others in a variety of ways. At all stages, an emphasis on collaborative learning will encourage children to reason logically and creatively by means of parole of mathematical ideas and concepts. through their use of effective questioning and discussion, teachers will use misconceptions and wrong answers as opportunities to improve and deepen childrens apprehension of mathematical concepts.The experiences and outcomes encourage learning and teaching approaches that challenge and stimulate children and young people and press their enjoyment of mathematics. To achieve this, teachers will use a skilful mix of approaches, includingplanned act ive learning which provides opportunities to observe, explore, investigate, try, play, discuss and reflect modelling and scaffolding the development of mathematical thinking skills learning collaboratively and independentlyopportunities for discussion, dialogue and explanation of thinking developing mental agilityusing relevant contexts and experiences, familiar to young people making links across the curriculum to show how mathematical concepts are applied in a wide range of contexts, such as those provided by science and social studies using technology in appropriate and effective waysbuilding on the principles of Assessment is for Learning, ensuring that young people understand the determination and relevance of what they are learning developing problem-solving capabilities and critical thinking skills.Mathematics is at its most powerful when the knowledge and understanding that have been developed are used to solve problems. Problem solving will be at the heart of all our lea rning and teaching. We should regularly encourage children and young people to explore different options what would happen if? is the fundamental question for teachers and learners to ask as mathematical thinking develops.How will we take care forward motion within and through levels?As children and young people develop concepts within mathematics, these will need continual reinforcement and revisiting in order to maintain progression. Teachers can plan this development and progression through providing children and young people with more challenge contexts in which to use their skills. When the experience or outcome spans two levels within a line of development, this will be all the more important.One case in point would be the third level outcome on displaying information. The expectation is that young people will continue to use and refine the skills developed at second level to display charts, graphs and diagrams. The contexts should ensure progression and at that place are clear opportunities to use other curriculum areas when extending young peoples understanding.What are broad features of sound judgement in mathematics?(This section should be read alongside the advice for numeracy.)Assessment in mathematics will focus on children and young peoples abilities to work increasingly skillfully with numbers, data and mathematical concepts and processes and use them in a range of contexts. Teachers can gather test of progress as part of day-to-day learning about number, money and measurement, shape, position and movement and information handling. The use of specific assessment tasks will be important in assessing progress at key points of learning including transitions.From the early years through to the senior stages, children and young people will demonstrate progress in their skills in interpreting and analysing information, simplifying and solving problems, assessing risk and making informed choices. They will also show evidence of progress through their skills in collaborating and working independently as they observe, explore, experiment with and investigate mathematical problems.Approaches to assessment should identify the extent to which children and young people can apply their skills in their learning, in their daily lives and in preparing for the world of work. Progress will be seen as children and young people demonstrate their competence and confidence in applying mathematical concepts and skills. For exampleDo they relish the challenge of number puzzles, patterns and relationships? stomach they explain increasingly more abstract ideas of algebraic thinking? Can they successfully carry out mathematical processes and use their developing range of skills and attributes as set out in the experiences and outcomes? As they apply these to problems, can they exceed on skills and concepts learned previously? As they tackle problems in unfamiliar contexts, can they confidently identify which skills and concepts are relevant to the problem? Can they then apply their skills accurately and then evaluate their solutions? Can they explain their thinking and demonstrate their understanding of 2D shapes and 3D objects? Can they evaluate data to view informed decisions?Are they developing the capacity to engage with and complete tasks andassignments? Assessment should also link with other areas of the curriculum, within and outside the classroom, offering children and young people opportunities to develop and demonstrate their understanding of mathematics through social studies, technologies and science, and cultural and enterprise activities.How can I make connections within and beyond mathematics?Within mathematics there are rich opportunities for links among different concepts a ready example is provided by investigations into area and perimeter which can involve estimation, patterns and relationships and a variety of numbers. When children and young people investigate number processes, there will be regul ar opportunities to develop mental strategies and mental agility. Teachers will make use of opportunities to develop algebraic thinking and introduce symbols, such as those opportunities afforded at early stages when reinforcing number bonds or later when investigating the sum of the angles in a triangle.There are many opportunities to develop mathematical concepts in all other areas of the curriculum. Patterns and symmetry are fundamental to art and music time, money and measure regularly occur in modern languages, home economics, design technology and various aspects of health and social welfare graphs and charts are regularly used in science and social studies scale and proportion can be developed within social studies formulae are used in areas including health and wellbeing, technologies and sciences while shape, position and movement can be developed in all areas of the curriculum.The Teaching PrincipleEffective mathematics teaching requires understanding what students know a nd need to learn and then challenging and supporting them to learn it well. Students learn mathematics through the experiences that teachers provide. Thus, students understanding of mathematics, their ability to use it to solve problems, and their confidence in, and disposition toward, mathematics are all shaped by the teaching they accept in school. The improvement ofmathematics education for all students requires effective mathematics teaching in all classrooms. Teaching mathematics well is a complex endeavor, and there are no easy recipes for helping all students learn or for helping all teachers develop effective. Nevertheless, much is known about effective mathematics teaching, and this knowledge should guide professional judgment and activity. To be effective, teachers must know and understand deeply the mathematics they are teaching and be able to get on that knowledge with flexibility in their teaching tasks.They need to understand and be committed to their students as l earners of mathematics and as human beings and be skillful in choosing from and using a variety of pedagogical and assessment strategies (National Commission on Teaching and Americas Future 1996). In addition, effective teaching requires reflection and continual efforts to seek improvement. Teachers must have frequent and ample opportunities and resources to enhance and refresh their knowledge. Effective teaching requires knowing and understanding mathematics, students as learners, and pedagogical strategies. Teachers need several different kinds of mathematical knowledgeknowledge about the whole domain deep, flexible knowledge about curriculum goals and about the important ideas that are central to their grade level knowledge about the challenges students are likely to encounter in learning these ideas knowledge about how the ideas can be represented to teach them effectively and knowledge about how students understanding can be assessed.This knowledge helps teachers make curricula r judgments, respond to students questions, and look ahead to where concepts are leading and plan accordingly. Pedagogical knowledge, much of which is acquired and shaped through the practice of teaching, helps teachers understand how students learn mathematics, find facile with a range of different teaching techniques and instructional materials, and organize and manage the classroom. Teachers need to understand the big ideas of mathematics and be able to represent mathematics as a coherent and affiliated enterprise (Schifter 1999 Ma 1999). Their decisions and their actions in the classroomall of which affect how well their students learn mathematicsshould be based on this knowledge. This kind of knowledge is beyond what most teachers experience in standard preservice mathematics courses in the United States. For example, that fractions can be understood as parts of a whole, the quotient of two integers, or a number on a line isimportant for mathematics teachers (Ball and Bass fo rthcoming). Such understanding might be characterized as profound understanding of fundamental mathematics (Ma 1999).Teachers also need to understand the different representations of an idea, the relative strengths and weaknesses of each, and how they are related to one another (Wilson, Shulman, and Richert 1987). They need to know the ideas with which students often have difficulty and ways to help bridge common misunderstandings. Effective mathematics teaching requires a serious commitment to the development of students understanding of mathematics. Because students learn by connecting new ideas to prior knowledge, teachers must understand what their students already know. Effective teachers know how to ask questions and plan lessons that reveal students prior knowledge they can then design experiences and lessons that respond to, and build on, this knowledge.Teachers have different styles and strategies for helping students learn particular mathematical ideas, and there is no on e right way to teach. However, effective teachers recognize that the decisions they make shape students mathematical dispositions and can create rich backgrounds for learning. Selecting and using suitable curricular materials, using appropriate instructional tools and techniques, and engaging in ruminative practice and continuous self-improvement are actions good teachers take every day. One of the complexities of mathematics teaching is that it must balance purposeful, planned classroom lessons with the ongoing decision making that inevitably occurs as teachers and students encounter unanticipated discoveries or difficulties that lead them into uncharted territory. Teaching mathematics well involves creating, enriching, maintaining, and aligning instruction to move toward mathematical goals, capture and sustain interest, and engage students in building mathematical understanding.Effective teaching requires a challenging and supportive classroom learning environment. Teachers ma ke many choices each day about how the learning environment will be structured and what mathematics will be emphasized. These decisions determine, to a large extent, what students learn. Effective teaching conveys a belief that each student can and is expected to understand mathematics and that each will be supported in his or her efforts to accomplish this goal. Teachers establish and nurture an environment conducive to learning mathematics through the decisions they make, the conversations they orchestrate, and thephysical setting they create. Teachers actions are what encourage students to think, question, solve problems, and discuss their ideas, strategies, and solutions. The teacher is responsible for creating an intellectual environment where serious mathematical thinking is the norm. More than just a physical setting with desks, bulletin boards, and posters, the classroom environment communicates subtle messages about what is valued in learning and doing mathematics.Are stude nts discussion and collaboration encouraged? Are students expected to justify their thinking? If students are to learn to make conjectures, experiment with various approaches to solving problems, construct mathematical arguments and respond to others arguments, then creating an environment that fosters these kinds of activities is essential. In effective teaching, worthwhile mathematical tasks are used to introduce important mathematical ideas and to engage and challenge students intellectually. Well-chosen tasks can pique students curiosity and draw them into mathematics. The tasks may be connected to the real-world experiences of students, or they may arise in contexts that are purely mathematical.Regardless of the context, worthwhile tasks should be intriguing, with a level of challenge that invites speculation and breathed work. Such tasks often can be approached in more than one way, such as using an arithmetic counting approach, drawing a geometric diagram and enumerating po ssibilities, or using algebraic equations, which makes the tasks neighborly to students with varied prior knowledge and experience. Worthwhile tasks alone are not sufficient for effective teaching. Teachers must also decide what aspects of a task to highlight, how to organize and orchestrate the work of the students, what questions to ask to challenge those with varied levels of expertise, and how to support students without taking over the process of thinking for them and thus eliminating the challenge.Opportunities to reflect on and refine instructional practiceduring class and outside class, alone and with othersare crucial in the vision of school mathematics outlined in Principles and Standards. To improve their mathematics instruction, teachers must be able to analyze what they and their students are doing and turn how those actions are affecting students learning. Using a variety of strategies, teachers should monitor students capacity and inclination to analyze situations, frame and solve problems, and make sense of mathematical concepts and procedures. Theycan use this information to assess their students progress and to rate how well the mathematical tasks, student discourse, and classroom environment are interacting to foster students learning.They then use these appraisals to adapt their instruction. Reflection and analysis are often individual activities, but they can be greatly intensify by teaming with an experienced and respected colleague, a new teacher, or a community of teachers. Collaborating with colleagues regularly to observe, analyze, and discuss teaching and students thinking or to do lesson study is a powerful, yet neglected, form of professional development in American schools (Stigler and Hiebert 1999). The work and time of teachers must be structured to allow and support professional development that will benefit them and their students.